Definition
A watermark is a design, symbol, or pattern that is embedded into paper during its production. It is created by varying the paper’s thickness or density, so that the design becomes visible when the sheet is held up to the light. Traditionally, watermarks serve as a security feature against forgery, but in printmaking they are also appreciated as a subtle artistic element that reflects craftsmanship and authenticity.
How It’s Used in Printmaking
In printmaking, watermarked paper adds character and exclusivity to a print. Since the watermark is incorporated at the papermaking stage, artists select papers with particular marks to enhance the final work. Relief, intaglio, lithography, and letterpress can all be printed onto watermarked sheets, and the mark itself often sits unobtrusively in a corner or margin.
- Beginners may use watermarked paper to gain a deeper appreciation for high-quality art papers and how they differ from machine-made alternatives.
- Professionals often choose papers with distinctive watermarks for limited editions, where the mark adds value, traceability, and a sense of permanence.
History & Origins
Watermarks originated in 13th-century Fabriano, Italy, where handmade papermakers discovered that wire patterns sewn onto paper moulds left a translucent impression in the finished sheet. These early designs ranged from simple crosses to complex coats of arms. By the Renaissance, many leading artists, including Albrecht Dürer, produced works on watermarked paper, which became a mark of quality and provenance. Collectors and historians continue to use watermarks to authenticate and date prints.
Variations & Related Terms
Watermarks vary widely in design and function:
- Simple motifs – Initials, monograms, or logos used by paper mills.
- Complex patterns – Heraldic devices, floral motifs, or elaborate artistic symbols.
- Countermark – A secondary, often smaller watermark added alongside the main design.
- Digital watermarks – Invisible codes embedded into digital files, inspired by the same principle of authenticity.
Watermarks differ from related techniques such as blind embossing, where a raised impression is created with pressure rather than transparency.
See also: Blind Embossing
See also: Letterpress
See also: Screen Printing
Modern Applications
Today, watermarks are used in both traditional papermaking and digital technologies. Fine art paper manufacturers continue to produce sheets with classic mill watermarks, which appeal to artists, printmakers, and collectors. At the same time, digital watermarks are embedded into images and documents for copyright and security purposes. In creative practice, using watermarked paper gives prints a professional finish and can subtly highlight the quality of the chosen materials.
Practical Tips & Products
- Paper choice – Opt for high-quality, mould-made papers from established mills if you want clear and lasting watermarks.
- Visibility – Watermarks show best on thinner or translucent sheets but are present across a range of weights.
- Design placement – Be aware of where the watermark sits on the sheet when planning your print layout.
- Authenticity – For limited editions, printing on watermarked paper can reassure buyers of quality and originality.
Hickman Design supplies a selection of printmaking papers, including those with traditional watermarks, allowing artists to explore how this subtle feature can enhance the value and character of their prints.
