Matrix (the block, plate, stone, or screen)

Definition

In printmaking, the matrix is the prepared surface that carries the image before it is transferred to paper or another medium. It is the foundation of every print, whether carved, etched, drawn, or exposed. A matrix can take many forms: a woodblock or linoleum block for relief printing, a metal plate for intaglio, a stone for lithography, or a mesh screen for screen printing. The choice of matrix determines the visual character, texture, and technical possibilities of the finished print.

How It’s Used in Art

The concept of art spans countless disciplines and practices, each with its own methods and materials:

• Drawing – Artists use pencils, charcoal, ink, or pastels to create images on paper or other surfaces, often as studies, illustrations, or finished works.
• Painting – Pigments mixed with oil, acrylic, water, or other binders are applied to canvas, board, or walls to produce expressive colour, form, and texture.
• Sculpture – Materials such as stone, wood, metal, or clay are carved, cast, or assembled into three-dimensional works.
• Printmaking – Processes like relief, intaglio, lithography, and screen printing use a matrix to transfer images onto paper.
• Digital art – Software, tablets, and digital tools allow for illustration, animation, and multimedia works that blend technology with creativity.
• Textile and applied arts – Techniques such as weaving, embroidery, ceramics, and glasswork combine utility with artistic expression.

For beginners, art provides accessible entry points such as sketching, painting in watercolours, or experimenting with collage. For professionals, mastery of materials and methods enables the creation of complex, layered works that push boundaries of medium and concept. Across all forms, art not only serves as a means of expression but also reflects culture, identity, and innovation.

How It’s Used in Printmaking

The matrix is central to nearly all printmaking methods:

• Relief printing – The artist carves into wood or linoleum, inks the raised surfaces, and presses them onto paper.
• Intaglio printing – A design is incised into a copper or zinc plate; ink settles into the recessed lines and textures, which are transferred under pressure.
• Lithography – The artist draws with greasy materials on a limestone or metal plate; the chemical process ensures ink adheres only to the image areas.
• Screen printing – A stencil is applied to a mesh screen, and ink is pushed through open areas using a squeegee.

Beginners often work with softer, forgiving materials such as linoleum, while professionals may turn to copper plates, lithographic stones, or silkscreens to achieve a higher level of detail or complexity. The matrix not only holds the design but also influences edition size, durability, and overall aesthetic.

History & Origins

The concept of a matrix has existed for centuries. Early examples can be traced back to woodblock printing in China and Japan during the 7th century. By the Renaissance, European artists like Albrecht Dürer mastered woodcuts and engravings, elevating the matrix into an art form in its own right. Later, in the late 18th century, Alois Senefelder invented lithography in Germany, introducing the lithographic stone as a new type of matrix. Throughout history, iconic artists such as Katsushika Hokusai in Japan and Francisco Goya in Spain relied on matrices to create prints that remain celebrated today.

Variations & Related Terms

There are many types of matrices, each suited to a different technique:

• Woodblocks – Traditional for relief printing, valued for bold lines and textures.
• Linoleum blocks – Softer, modern alternative to wood, ideal for beginners and precise cuts.
• Metal plates – Copper, zinc, or steel, used for etching, engraving, and drypoint.
• Lithographic stones – Fine-grained limestone used in classic lithography.
• Screens – Polyester or silk mesh used for screen printing, allowing sharp, repeatable designs.

Each matrix has unique working properties, durability, and visual effects. While they serve the same purpose of transferring an image, the process and outcome vary widely.

See also: Relief Printing
See also: Intaglio
See also: Lithography

Modern Applications

Today, the role of the matrix remains fundamental. Artists and printmakers continue to use traditional blocks, plates, stones, and screens while also experimenting with new and eco-friendly materials, such as recycled plastics or laser-cut boards. Digital technologies now influence matrix preparation, from CNC-carved woodblocks to photopolymer intaglio plates. Despite these innovations, the essence of the matrix as the starting point of a print remains unchanged.

Practical Tips & Products

• Material choice – Select the matrix type that matches your chosen printmaking method and artistic style.
• Durability – Metal plates and lithographic stones allow for longer editions, while linoleum and woodblocks are better for shorter runs.
• Size and scale – Consider the maximum print size you wish to achieve when selecting your matrix material.
• Safety – Use sharp tools, protective gloves, and proper ventilation when carving, etching, or preparing a matrix.

Hickman Design offers a wide range of materials and starter kits for relief, intaglio, lithography, and screen printing, helping beginners and professionals alike to explore the creative potential of the matrix.